Highlights
- Genital warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
- Genital warts affect both women and men.
- Genital warts can be treated, but they can come back unless the underlying infection is also treated.
What are genital warts?
Genital warts are soft growths that appear on the genitals. They can cause pain, discomfort, and itching.
Genital warts a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by certain low-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). These are different from the high-risk strains that can lead to cervical dysplasia and cancer.
HPV is the most common of all STIs. Men and women who are sexually active are vulnerable to complications of HPV, including genital warts. HPV infection is especially dangerous for women because some types of HPV can also cause cancer of the cervix and vulva.
Treatment is key in managing this infection.
What are the symptoms of genital warts?
Genital warts are transmitted through sexual activity, including oral, vaginal, and anal sex. You may not start to develop warts for several weeks or months after infection.
Genital warts aren’t always visible to the human eye. They may be very small and the color of the skin or slightly darker. The top of the growths may resemble a cauliflower and may feel smooth or slightly bumpy to the touch. They may occur as a cluster of warts, or just one wart.
Genital warts on males may appear on the following areas:
- penis
- scrotum
- groin
- thighs
- inside or around the anus
For females, these warts may appear:
- inside of the vagina or anus
- outside of the vagina or anus
- on the cervix
Genital warts may also appear on the lips, mouth, tongue, or throat of a person who has had oral sexual contact with a person who has HPV.
Even if you can’t see genital warts, they may still cause symptoms, such as:
- vaginal discharge
- itching
- bleeding
- burning
If genital warts spread or become enlarged, the condition can be uncomfortable or even painful.
What causes genital warts?
Most cases of genital warts are caused by HPV. There are 30 to 40 strains of HPV that specifically affect the genitals, but just a few of these strains cause genital warts.
The HPV virus is highly transmittable through skin-to-skin contact, which is why it’s considered an STI.
In fact, HPV is so common that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says that most sexually active people get it at some point.
However, the virus doesn’t always lead to complications such as genital warts. In fact, in most cases, the virus goes away on its own without causing any health problems.
Genital warts are usually caused by strains of HPV that differ from the strains that cause warts on your hands or other parts of the body. A wart can’t spread from someone’s hand to the genitals, and vice versa.
Risk factors for genital warts
Any sexually active person is at risk of getting HPV. However, genital warts are more common for people who:
- are under the age of 30
- smoke
- have a weakened immune system
- have a history of child abuse
- are children of a mother who had the virus during childbirth
What are other possible complications of HPV?
HPV infection is the main cause of cancer in the cervix. It can also lead to precancerous changes to the cells of the cervix, which is called dysplasia.
Other types of HPV may also cause cancer of the vulva, which are the external genital organs of women. They can also cause penis, anal, throat, tongue, tonsil, vocal cord, and vaginal cancers. Watch or listen to an in-depth interview with the founder of HPV Global Action discussing the causes, cancers, tests, and vaccination prevention. Vist https://www.hpvglobalaction.org for more inforation.
How are genital warts diagnosed?
To diagnose this condition, your doctor will ask questions about your health and sexual history. This includes symptoms you’ve experienced and whether you’ve engaged in sex, including oral sex, without condoms or oral dams.
Your doctor will also perform a physical examination of any areas where you suspect warts may be occurring.
For women only
Because warts can occur deep inside a woman’s body, your doctor may need to do a pelvic examination. They may apply a mild acidic solution, which helps to make the warts more visible.
Your doctor may also do a Pap test (also known as a Pap smear), which involves taking a swab of the area to obtain cells from your cervix. These cells can then be tested for the presence of HPV through an additional specific test – only for women. There is no test for persons with penises.
Certain types of HPV may cause abnormal results on a Pap test, which may indicate precancerous changes. If your doctor detects these abnormalities, you may need either more frequent screenings to monitor any changes or a specialized procedure called a colposcopy.
If you’re a woman and concerned that you may have contracted a form of HPV known to cause cervical cancer, your doctor can perform a DNA test. This determines what strain of HPV you have in your system. An HPV test for men isn’t yet available.
How are genital warts treated?
While visible genital warts often go away with time, HPV itself can linger in your skin cells. This means you may have several outbreaks over the course of your life. So managing symptoms is important because you want to avoid transmitting the virus to others. That said, genital warts can be passed on to others even when there are no visible warts or other symptoms.
You may wish to treat genital warts to relieve painful symptoms or to minimize their appearance. However, you can’t treat genital warts with over-the-counter (OTC) wart removers or treatments.
Your doctor may prescribe topical wart treatments that might include:
- imiquimod (Aldara)
- podophyllin and podofilox (Condylox)
- trichloroacetic acid, or TCA
If visible warts don’t go away with time, you may need minor surgery to remove them. Your doctor can also remove the warts through these procedures:
- electrocautery, or burning warts with electric currents
- cryosurgery, or freezing warts
- laser treatments
- excision, or cutting off warts
- injections of the drug interferon
Home remedies for genital warts
Don’t use OTC treatments meant for hand warts on genital warts. Hand and genital warts are caused by different strains of HPV, and treatments designed for other areas of the body are often much stronger than treatments used on the genitals. Using the wrong treatments may do more harm than good.
Some home remedies are touted as helpful in treating genital warts, but there is little evidence to support them. Always check with your doctor before trying a home remedy.
How to prevent genital warts
HPV vaccines called Gardasil and Gardasil 9 can protect men and women from the most common HPV strains that cause genital warts, and can also protect against strains of HPV that are linked to cervical cancer.
A vaccine called Cervarix is also available. This vaccine protects against cervical cancer, but not against genital warts.
Individuals up to age 45 years can receive the HPV vaccine, as well as those as young as age 9. The vaccine is administered in a series of two or three shots, depending on age. Both types of vaccine should be given before the person becomes sexually active, as they’re most effective before a person is exposed to HPV.
Coping and outlook
Genital warts are a complication of HPV infection that’s common and treatable. They can disappear over time, but treatment is essential in preventing their return and possible complications.
If you think you have genital warts, talk to your doctor. They can determine if you have warts and what your best treatment options are.
In addition, it’s important to talk to your sexual partner. This may sound difficult, but being open about your condition can help you protect your partner from also getting an HPV infection and genital warts.
References
- Braaten KP, et al. (2008). Human papillomavirus (HPV), HPV-related disease, and the HPV vaccine.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492590/ - Can warts be spread from hands to genitals? (n.d.).
goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/can-warts-be-spread-hands-genitals - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). HPV and men – fact sheet.
cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv-and-men.htm - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Genital HPV infection – fact sheet.
cdc.gov/std/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm - Cervarix product information. (2015).
au.gsk.com/media/265103/cervarix_pi_011_approved.pdf - Chen X, et al. (2016). Characteristics of human papillomaviruses infection in men with genital warts in Shanghai. DOI:
10.18632/oncotarget.9708 - Gardasil (human papillomavirus quadrivalent – types 6, 11, 16, and 18 vaccine, recombinant injection, suspension. (2018).
dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=30952400-0572-4431-9150-3a41affffb9a - Genital warts: Overview. (n.d.).
aad.org/diseases/a-z/genital-warts-overview - Genital warts: Who gets and causes. (n.d.).
aad.org/diseases/a-z/genital-warts-causes - Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. (2015).
cdc.gov/std/tg2015/hpv.htm - Mayo Clinic Staff. (2019). Genital warts.
mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-warts/symptoms-causes/syc-20355234
Recent Comments